Additional Properties

Crystal System ? Isometric

Refractive Index ? 2.417 - 2.419

Double Refraction ? None

Transparency ? Transparent to opaque

SG ? 3.1 - 3.5

Luster ? Adamantine

Cleavage ? 1, all sides - octahedral. Dodecahedral Diamonds and Borts exhibit poor cleavage or no cleavage at all.

All About

Diamonds have been known and treasured as gemstones since ancient times. However, their only significant source was in a limited supply in the alluvial river deposits of India. Small amounts of Diamonds were also found in Brazil in the 1700's, but it wasn't until the 1870's that the vast Diamond fields of South Africa were discovered and exploited. Since that time, many new significant worldwide deposits have been discovered, and since then the popularity of Diamond has grown tremendously due to increased supply and technological advances in cutting.

The most typical color used for Diamond jewelry is colorless. However, most Diamonds have a light tint, usually yellowish or brownish. Perfectly clear Diamonds are much more valuable than their lightly tinted counterparts. Although light yellow tinting is frowned on, a deep yellow color renders the Diamond as a fancy. Fancy yellow Diamonds have recently increased in popularity in jewelry. "Fancy", the term used to describe any deeply colored Diamond, not only includes the more common yellows and browns, but it also is used to describe the very rare tones of red, pink, purple, blue, and green. Black Diamonds, which are more common and less expensive, are occasionally faceted as opaque yet shiny gems. (For additional information on fancy Diamonds, please visit our Colored Diamond Shoppers Guide and our article titled "How are Natural Fancy Colored Diamonds Created".)

Roughly twenty percent of Diamonds mined are used in jewelry, as most are unsuitable for gemstone use. The vast majority are either opaque and not gem quality, or are too heavily flawed. A flawless Diamond is exceptional, as most Diamonds gemstones contain some level of flaws, even if they are very minute.

The immense hardness of Diamond contributes to its suitability and importance as a gemstone. Because of its hardness, a Diamond is immune to scratching, as the only thing that can scratch it is another Diamond. This resistance lends it the ability to withstand daily wear and tear beyond the capabilities of most gemstones. Diamonds are also difficult to polish due to their hardness - they can only be polished with special Diamond saws that have a thin layer of Diamond on the saw blades and edges.

A grading system, instituted by the GIA, was implemented to evaluate Diamonds based on four aspects. These four grading systems are known as "the four C's", in which all Diamonds are evaluated:
  Color
  Cut
  Clarity
  Carat weight

Color:
The color of a Diamond is graded on an alphabetical scale ranging from the letters D to Y. This scale measures the color saturation, ranging from absolutely colorless to deep yellow (or yellow-brown). D is totally colorless, without a hint of any other color. Y indicates an intense deep yellow or deep yellow-brown. The letters between D and Y describe the color, depending on the amount of yellow saturation. The color bar below depicts the letter and the color saturation it represents. (The bar is not limited to yellow; it may also be yellow-brown, and is not necessarily accurate as monitor saturation may vary.) The letter Z in the color grade of a Diamond may sometimes be used to indicate a fancy Diamond.




Cut:
The cut, or facet of the Diamond, is the shape and style in which it is cut. The most prevalent cut is the brilliant cut, a facet specially designed to bring out the most fire in the stone. Sometimes this cut cannot be given, either because of flaws or cleavage habits. Much planning must be taken before cutting a Diamond, as a slight error in the facet may significantly decrease the value of the stone.

Clarity:
Clarity is graded on the size and visibility of the flaws and inclusions. Letters are assigned to a stone to label the quality of its clarity:

FI	Flawless	Contains no flaws or inclusions at all
IF	Internally Flawless	Contains no flaws or inclusions at a magnification of 10x
VVS1	Very, very small inclusions	Contains very tiny flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification
VVS2	Very, very small inclusions	Contains tiny flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification
VS1	Very small inclusions	Contains small flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification
VS2	Very small inclusions	Contains flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification
SI1	Small inclusions	Contains larger flaws or inclusions visible at 10x magnification
SI2	Small inclusions	Contains larger flaws or inclusions easily visible at 10x magnification
I1	Inclusions	Contains inclusions visible to the naked eye
I2	Inclusions	Contains large inclusions visible to the naked eye
I3	Inclusions	Contains very large inclusions visible to the naked eye

Carat Weight:
The size of a Diamond is measured in carats (abbreviated as ct). A carat is equivalent to 0.2 grams (about 0.007 ounces). Another weight measurement sometimes used for small for Diamonds is the point measurement (abbreviated as pt). Each point is one/one hundredth of a carat. For example, a stone weighing 34 pt weighs .34 ct Larger Diamonds are worth more than proportionally smaller ones, meaning a 3 ct Diamond surpasses the value of three 1ct Diamonds.

Diamonds (as well as other precious colored gemstones) are often sold together with a certification document that lists comprehensive details about the stone, especially their 4 C's. These certificates are usually certified by recognized organizations such as the GIA and AGS (American Gem Society) and provide authenticity on the purchased stone. Diamonds that are certified have a premium over non-certified stones.

Diamonds are very difficult to synthesize, as their formation requires immensely high temperatures and pressure to form. However, the technology does exist to product synthetic Diamonds, but the output of these synthetic Diamonds is relatively limited due to the high costs involved in producing them.

Uses

? Diamond is the most important gemstone in the jewelry industry. The colorless stone is most often used for jewelry, although yellows and browns are also used. (Brown stones are often marketed as "chocolate", "cognac", or"champagne" Diamonds, depending on color depth). Other fancies are too rare and expensive for the mainstream jewelry industry, and are exclusively reserved for the high end consumer. Black, opaque Diamonds are occasionally faceted into a black gemstones with a submetallic luster.
Diamond is the birthstone for April.

Please also visit our special page titled "Top Tips for Diamond Buying."

Varieties

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• Black Diamond  -   Black opaque Diamond with a shiny submetallic luster that is occasionally used as a gemstone.
  
• Bort  -   Dark colored, imperfectly crystallized, opaque Diamond. May also refer to a fragment of a gem quality Diamond.
• Canary Diamond  -   Diamond with a deep yellow color.
• Fancy  -   Refers to colored Diamonds such as blue, red, pink, purple, and green, as well as deep yellow and deep brown. Fancy Diamonds are extremely rare and sought after.
  

False Names

? There are many forms of Quartz that can be referred to as "Diamond". Many are locality specific, and preface the word Diamond with a locality name. Many of these names are rarely used or made up by dealers, but there are a few such as Herkimer Diamond which are universally used. Here are some names to watch out for which describe Quartz varieties:

• Arkansas Diamond
• Baffa Diamond
  
• Bristol Diamond
• Cape May Diamond
• Cornish Diamond
• Dauphine Diamond
• Herkimer Diamond
• Hot Springs Diamond
• Marmorosch Diamond
• Pecos Diamond
• Vallum Diamond
• Zabeltitzen Diamond

There are other false names used not referring to Quartz. They are as follows:

• Alaska Black Diamond - Hematite
• Jourado Diamond - Colorless synthetic Spinel
• Killiecrankie Diamond - Colorless Topaz from Killiecrankie Bay on the northern end of Flinders Island, Australia.
  
• Matura Diamond - Colorless Zircon
• Strass Diamond - Colorless glass used as a gemstone simulant
• Swarovski Diamond - Highly lustrous form of glass

Treatments & Enhancements

? Diamonds may be artificially enhanced in several ways. Laser drilling techniques can be used to remove brown inclusions, and flaws may artificially filled by filling fractures in a stone with a glass filling. Fancy Diamonds may also be synthetically colored by irradiation of colorless or lightly colored Diamonds. These techniques are controversial and honest dealers should require full disclosure of any type of treatment or enhancement.

The Precious Gemstone Diamond Sources

? Diamond production varies year by year, for example huge quantities of Diamonds have recently been coming from Botswana, while the large deposits of Australia are no longer productive. As of 2010, the top ten Diamond producing countries, which account for over 80 percent of the worlds Diamonds, are Russia, Botswana, Congo, Angloa, South Africa, Namibia, Guinea, Ghana, Australia, and Canada (a relatively recent producer).

Similar Gemstones

? Many gemstones resemble Diamond. However, few have the adamantine luster and fire like that of Diamond, and they are all softer than Diamond. Many synthetic materials are also made to closely resemble diamond, such as YAG (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet), Strontium Titanate, Moissanite, and of course Cubic Zirconia, Diamond's main imposter. However, Diamond is distinguished from all the others by its immense hardness.

The Precious Gemstone Diamond Photos

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The Precious Gemstone Diamond in the Rough Photos

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The Precious Gemstone Diamond Jewelry Photos

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Additional Resources

• The mineral Diamond
• The Diamond Pro - Info Website Dedicated to Diamonds